An Iconic Figure Of Harriet Tubman - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3214 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Harriet Tubman Essay Did you like this example? Harriet Tubman: The Birth of a Strong Spirit in Unbearable Conditions that Became the Base for the Phenomenon of a Slave-Leader Introduction The theme of slavery and struggle against racial inequalities is traditionally associated with the history of the United States of America. Being defined as the country with legal institutions referring to using human resources, slavery marks a distinct dark period for the USA. The slavery particularly involved African American and African descents. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Iconic Figure Of Harriet Tubman" essay for you Create order In general, the events and tendencies connected with the slavery in the country broach the question of violence and horrible treatment, but that very period brought some iconic figures that are famous and remarkable in the United States. These iconic figures are still known to this very day. One of these iconic figures was named Harriet Tubman. Harriet Tubman is one of such people who differed by her strong spirit, firmness, and leadership qualities during the struggle against slavery. Although being uneducated and use to the role of superiority, the woman was raised on the principles of freedom and equality that led to her activity during the war for freedom. Her deeds are connected with rescuing hundreds of slaves and even military participation in the Civil War grounded on her desire to gain freedom and serve for the good of others. The research examines different stages in the life of Harriet Tubman from the early childhood till the adult years based on the events that influenced the establishment of her personality as a leader. Including different studies about the life of this famous person, the research paper aims to shed light on the most important periods in her life in order to connect it to the theme of leadership. Early Years of Harriet Tubman in the Context of Leadership Traits Qualities The childhood of Harriet Tubman was solely effected from being birthed into a family of slavery. I was the conductor of the Underground Railroad for eight years, and I can say what most conductors cant say † I never ran my train off the track and I never lost a passenger. Harriet Tubman was an influential leader throughout her lifetime and was nicknamed the Moses of her people after leading her people to freedom (Rees, 2007). All individuals will, forever remember her exceptional leaderships skills during the Underground Railroad and the Civil War. Harriet Tubmanrs early life was a mystery since no one was fully aware of her day of birth. Throughout history, everyone was only aware of her being born into slavery at the time of her birth. Since being born into slavery, Harriet was unsure of her actual date of birth. According to her death certificate, her day of birth is estimated to be in the year of 1815. During the year of approximately 1815, Harriet Tubman was born with the name of Araminta Ross, in Dorchester County, Maryland. She was later nickname Harriet, which became the more common name used. Her parents were Harriet Green and Ben Ross. She came from a huge family where she had eight other siblings; Linah, Mariah Ritty, Soph, Robert, Ben, Rachel, Henry, and Moses. Therefore, she had four brothers and four sisters. Harriet or Araminta was the fifth child born into her family. From being born into slavery, Harriet was unable to have much of a childhood due to having multiple occupations as a child. For example, she was responsible for babysitting an infant at the early age of five years old. At a very young age, she was also responsible for household work, but was limited to how much responsibility she could have because of her young age. Her first punishment occurred when she was babysitting an infant. The babyrs mother named Susan punished her each time the infant was to misbehave. As a punishment, she would receive a whip around her neck. Harrietrs mother played a role in nursing Harriet back to health after being punished multiple times. She would continue to be hired by other households for other occupations. Harriet describes her childhood as a difficult time and was considered a period of her life where she was neglected. As Harriet grew older to about the age of 12 years old, she was able to have more responsibilities and began to work in the fields. Also during this time of her life, she became to increase her faith as a Christian. Living on a farm near Buck town, on the Maryland Eastern Shore, the family is known as quite a close one that oriented its relations towards caring and love (Dagbovie Humez, 2004). Harrietrs parents tried to put maximum efforts on continuing to stay together even in the conditions of their work as slaves. Without doubts, such attitudes influenced Harriet as a personality shaping the notions of unity and importance to be together in order to become stronger. This is why the slave family mostly had one owner that provided them with the opportunity to remain together as a family. It is true to say that the records from Harrietrs childhood are not numerous but several facts remain known that put some questions to the origin of a girl. It was not a new thing for the owners to have a sexual connection with their slaves, especially female ones. The origin of the girl can also be under the question because according to the data, she was provided the dispensation that was intended to provide for the emancipation of illegitimate, mixed-race offspring (Brown, 2012, p. 3). However, following the records, Harrietrs mother was not a pure Negro but a daughter of a white man that could explain the fact of dispensation. The attitude of an owner and treatment of Harriet was the way to get more profit from the work of the whole family became the reason for the development of patience and facing complete unfairness that influenced her as a future leader. The childhood of a girl cannot be called usual or even adequate. She was used as the means in the hands of the owner in achieving his personal goals in getting more profit. Being just an African American child, she suffered from everyday whipping that resulted in many wounds and bloody cuts on her skin. However, the girl used to such behavior from her white owner that made her patience and resistance stronger. As a tradition, she even discovered the way to protect her body from whipping using a special way of wearing clothes (Dagbovie Humez, 2004). Moreover, she understood the need for simulation her cryings during the beatings in order to pretend the effect of suffering. Such a situation can be considered as the one that drew Harrietrs attention to the need of following a particular order and discipline in order to minimize the pain. The girl learned from the very young ages the importance of pretending as the option to reduce the beating. According to the data, in some cases, she tried to avoid the whippings hiding in barns without any food and normal conditions in order not to face everyday violence. Later, as being a house worker, Harriet also experienced a lot of difficulties connected with her new duties that were not supported by special training, which also followed by phys ical pain as well. During these tough years, there was a lesson given about people, primarily white menrs, brutality and horrible attitude towards African American slaves (Crewe, 2006). The angriness and opposition grew inside young girl desiring to change the situation for the better. The Emergence of the Spirit of a Struggle and Opposition The high attention of the girl to the theme of slave protests and attempts to influence the current situation led to the development of the idea of opposition in her heart. Harriet always took part in the discussions of slave uprisings that coincided with her inner feelings about the destiny of black slaves. Being attracted by the theme of slaves opposition in the South, the girl drew the attention of her owners that caused changing the place of work. The new family decided to break her spirit by constant punishment, deplorable conditions, and unfair treatment (Bradford, 2012). After the process of education of a disobedient slave, she was returned to the primary owners as a new one without the ideas about protests and opposition. However, those events influenced Harriet both physically and morally creating a soldier who was ready to struggle and fight for equality and fairness. The spirit of opposition rooted in the treatment of white owners and their approach to her usage as a slave directed the girl towards the desire to seek justice. The tasks given by the owners had none in common with the complexity and physical strength of a young girl, but Harriet succeeded in all the activities with the power of an adult thanks to her strong spirit (Cole-Arnal, 2005). Being strong physically, Harriet was ready to complete any task with the same speed and results as the slaves who were much older than she. Unfortunately, such ability to work as a strong adult caused a serious trauma to her head at the age of fifteen that played a huge role on the whole life of Harri et Tubman. The Role of Religion and Physical Trauma in Creation the Dream About Freedom Physical trauma in the combination with religion and spirituality became the most influential thing that had an impact on Harriet as a future leader for many slaves. Without any doubts, religion placed an important role for the slaves referring to the notion of hope and freedom. Referring to slavery, it is impossible to avoid the theme of religions because sermons and spirituals shaped the language of freedom into biblical parables (Brown, 2012). Following the example of her parents, Harriet had a strong faith in God that was proved by her manner of worship. From the very young ages, the girl established a special connection between her and God that was centered on the principles of justice (Walker, 2009). Harriet treated God as a close person with whom she could discuss all her troubles and problems. Such conversations with God gave her power and filled her spirit with strength and confidence. However, physical trauma of her head became the base for a deeper connection between Harriet and religion. Her injury caused different dreams and visions connected with God in particular. Such a mix of circumstances and spirituality affected her vision of a mission chosen for her by Creator (Cole-Arnal, 2005). Harriet perceived her sufferings as the base for the establishment of a strong person who could lead people to freedom. She was practically obsessed with the idea of Godrs plan about her that made her achieve freedom not only to herself, but many other people who were involved in slavery. The Idea of Freedom and Its Achieving as the Leading One that coordinated Harriet as a Leader According to the early records, the nature of Harriet was originally oriented towards the opposition to the punishment of slaves and any signs of cooperation during their beating. As a result, Harriet herself always suffered from the whipping because of the rejection of any kind of cooperation within the owners. This is why, based on the experience of brutality and violence, the girl connected the death of her owner with achieving freedom. Lord, if youre never going to change that manrs heart, kill him and take him out of the way so he wont do more mischief (Brown, 2012,). However, realizing the rule of selling the slaves after the death of their owner to the other ones, she decided to achieve the desirable freedom. Harriet married the free slave John Tubman in order to get rid of any signs of slavery in her life. However, being born a slave, she had to escape from injustice physically moving to the North. The idea of freedom and abilities to behave in woods in such a way to be unnot iced provided Harriet with the opportunity to escape from slavery (Crewe, 2006). Starting from Maryland, the woman finally got to New Jersey where she worked on different domestic positions. Harriet did not end the struggle by achieving personal freedom but focused on her mission as a saver of the lives of her family and other people. She became the power that helped her parents and siblings to escape. To go into more depth, during her mission of saving others, she attempted to involve her ex-husband into the affair, but he refused such proposal because of the lack of faith in such an idea and the fact of having a new family. Being dedicated to the idea of freedom as the opposition to her state while being a slave always punished with extreme violence. She still had a strong motivation to follow the pace to freedom (Gumbs, 2014). Leading such ideals, Harriet decided not only escape from slavery herself, but bring good for other slaves who experienced the same things as she did in her childhood every day. Not following the aim to become a leader for others in terms of power, Harrietrs views became the basic ones for her establishment as a person who delivered good to othe rs; that is why the woman is usually associated with Moses and his deeds (Santovec, 2013). Harrietrs Underground Railroad Activity as the Base for Getting Leadership Experience The role of Harriet in the Underground Railroad Activity cannot be questioned referring to the number of slaves saved thanks to her personality traits. The Underground Railroad can be defined as the way for the slaves to move from the South to the North in the direction of freedom. Traditionally, there were those people who participated in the process helping slaves to overcome the obstacles during their way. The name of Harriet became an iconic one in the Underground Railroad affairs referring to her contribution to saving other slaves from their horrible lives in inferiority (Gold, 2016). Her plan consisted of two trips every year oriented towards seeking for those people who wanted to escape from slavery. She accompanied African Americans giving them chance to become free. The black community in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada became the location for Harriet connected with her activity during the time of preparation and saving money for the further raids in the South (Bradford, 20 12). The danger and ability to take a risk in such situations for the sake of others became the prominent features of Harriet as the leader in her rescuing campaign. Such activity influenced her leadership skills referring to special ways to motivate others and assure them in the possibility of freedom (Gumbs, 2014). The woman possessed those features that raised the spirit of other slaves referring to courage and self-control: Way down in Egypt-land. Tell ol Pharaoh to let My people go (Brown, 2012, p. 10). As a result, it increased peoplers faith during the whole trip from the South to the North. Furthermore, Harriet even had a loaded pistol as the means to assure the safety of her people putting under the risk because of different dangers. She became the mentor and example of self-confidence in following the highest aim for those who were too weak or unable to cope with all the difficulties (Gold, 2016). What is more important, Harriet provided fugitive slaves with further support in C anada considering involving them into communities or organizing their own structures oriented towards more or less adequate conditions of life (Crewe, 2007). It means that those who were accompanied by her as a conductor were assured with her personal help in a new place. So, it is fair to consider Harrietrs personal qualities as the ones of a true leader who in any case leads his or her people til the desirable result (Klenke, 2011, p. 49). Leadership Skills of the Woman During Civil War The name of Harriet Tubman is not famous only for her deeds referring to rescuing slaves but the ones during the Civil War. The desire of the woman to make everyone free and equal in the United States led her to the full involvement into serving to others even in case of maximum risk for herself. Such desire found its expression in her participation in the Civil War (Dagbovie Humez, 2004). As a result, her activity in the war is generally associated with the role of a black spy working for important military operations especially in the member of the 2nd South Carolina Colored Infantry (Chism, 2005). Harriet accomplished the tasks of collecting important information facing the risks from the enemies. The work of Harriet was described as extremely courageous and brave according to the womanrs common sense and imagination referring to the ways to find the solution to any risky situation (Allen Bauer, 2009). According to the data and records left by the captains during the Civil War, that small but very brave and powerful woman became the incarnation of a real leader for hundreds of frightened slaves in their way to freedom. That is why Harrietrs contribution to the victories and achievements of the Civil War cannot be questioned. She became an idol always ready to self-sacrifice for those who needed motivation and push (Klenke, 2011, p. 49). Even though the woman lacked education and special military training, her actions spoke louder than millions of intelligent speeches. She gained special respect not only from African Americans but White Americans as well as one of the most remarkable figures in the history of the United States. Methods The research is based on primary and secondary analysis as the main sources in examining Harriet Tubmanrs way as a leader. Collection of different materials concerning her childhood experience and adult ages provides the opportunity to analyze all the factors that influenced the formation of the most important qualities of a true leader. That is why different articles, books, and records from the Harriet herself served as the base for the research referring to her main achievements of one of the most influential slave-leaders in the history of the country. Conclusion Harriet Tubman is considered to be a well-known figure referring to the dark part of slavery in the history of the US. Her activities during the period of struggle against using African Americans as human resources are deeply rooted in the continuous establishment of the woman as a leader. According to the research data, Harrietrs horrible childhood full of violence and brutality from the white owners became the beginning of the formation of opposition and spirit of freedom that she possessed during the whole life. The womanrs life in slavery made her strong both physically and morally that oriented her towards the desire to be free. As a result, based on her strong religious faith referring to the notion of hope and justice, Harriet managed to escape from slavery using braveness, courage, self-reliance, and common sense. Moreover, the woman found her devotion to serving other people in slavery that made her a savior for those in need. Although lacking formal education and experience in the military sphere, Harriet Tubman participated in many operations connected with the Underground Railroad not leaving her people even after moving to the North and the Civil War serving as a spy. She showed her ability to act as a true leader raising motivation and hope in the hearts of many slaves. That is why the name of Harriet Tubman is referred to the unbelievable phenomenon of a slave-leader who would be famous for many years.

The Implications of the Stanford Prison Experiment for...

The Implications of the Stanford Prison Experiment for Humanity in the Long Run In 1971 a group of 18 students took part in what was to become the most controversial experiment of the decade. The students were divided randomly into prisoners and wardens. The wardens were given complete control of the prisoners and the experiment left to run. The idea of the experiment was to find out the causes of such atrocities as the Holocaust. Dr. Zimbardo, the conductor of the experiment, was intrigued as to why normal Germans, who thought the idea of extermination of all Jews was morally wrong, still allowed it to happen and in extreme cases aided†¦show more content†¦At times the teachers were reluctant to continue but under the authority of an overseer they would carry on. At one point one of the teachers shouted out Who will take responsibility if this guy gets hurt? to which the overseer replied I will take full respon sibility, please continue. This showed the conclusion to Stanley Milgrams experiment. The authority of the overseer took away all responsibility from the teacher because they could hide behind the overseer as he had accepted responsibility for the experiment, despite the fact that it was the teacher that had administered the shocks. It could also show that the overseer, a mysterious man in a white coat, presents such a solid authority that the teacher could not disobey his orders. This experiment can prove that not only is it Germans and Sadists who could commit such atrocities as the Holocaust, as previously believed in the light of World War II, but that anyone could as they took it as only following orders. This is what Zimbardo was later to investigate further in the Stanford Prison Experiment. This idea of following orders and bondage with ease is also explored by William Golding in his novel Lord of the Flies. 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European Exploration and Trade Free Essays

There was once a time in our history, before computerized maps and satellites and tracking programs. Sailors had to guide themselves by the stars and very basic and inaccurate maps. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Europe there was advancement in technology and learning that led to widespread exploration and trade among countries. We will write a custom essay sample on European Exploration and Trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now The introduction of the compass, advancements in cartography, the printing press, and other inventions led to increased trade and exploration throughout Europe. Before the fifteenth century, sailors often didn’t venture far from what they knew because maps were extremely inaccurate and weather was unpredictable. In the fourteenth century a style of maps, called portolon charts, were introduced. These were pictures of harbors, ports, cities, and coastlines inscribed on sheepskin. These maps were valuable to the merchant and traders between cities, but to the explorer changing continents they were basically useless. The compass was also a major improvement to previous methods. Before this invention, sailors used the stars to navigate and stay on their somewhat planned course. However, during the day they were at a loss. When the compass was invented, it allowed sailors to know their bearing all the time. People soon learned to notice and pay more attention to weather patterns while sailing. They discovered the trade winds among the seas and noted where they were in relation to each other and what their effects on shipping were. The winds caused either a faster and smoother trip or a longer and rougher voyage, depending on the direction of the ship and the wind involved. This was an advancement to previous methods because they now knew what to expect and prepare for instead of guessing or being surprised. They could also plan routes and try new routes. This led to a period of time called the Age of Sail. The printing press was one of the biggest and most important inventions of this time period. Before, literature and documents were scarce and not very common. After the printing press was introduced, literary works and various types of documents were more available to the common person. This encouraged people to become more educated because they now had the means to do it. The printing press also had an effect on cartography. Because maps had to be either inscribed or drawn, they were rare and not very public. After the printing press, maps were able to be duplicated and shared with other cartographers. In doing this, they could compare their maps with other peoples and create a newer and more accurate representation of the land and sea. This caused people to become more sure and trusting of these maps, making them venture out further than they had before, thus increasing trade. The design and size of ships were also changing during this time. The Europeans began to incorporate the methods of other countries, such as China, into their own shipbuilding process. One change was the multiple sails on the ship which allowed for better upwind travel. The all-in-one rudder was also a major improvement because it allowed for easier and faster steering and better control and stability of the keel. All in all, various changes and improvements occurred during this time. Inventions and improvements such as map making, compasses, understanding of weather patterns, and the printing press were all factors in the increase in exploration and trade in Europe. How to cite European Exploration and Trade, Essay examples

Hepatitis B free essay sample

A study of the liver disease hepatitis caused by the hepatitis B virus. The paper defines hepatitis a disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. It discusses symptoms of the disease, causes and prognosis and how it is treated. The paper shows that the best prevention is safety precautions. The practice of sharing needles should be avoided, as should the practice of sharing personal care items that may have blood on them. Getting a tattoo or body piercing should be carefully considered. There is a risk of infection if the tools have someone elses blood on them or if the artist or piercer does not follow good health practices. Donating blood, organs, or tissue if you have hepatitis B should be avoided. Health care or public safety workers should be vaccinated against hepatitis B, and should always follow routine barrier precautions and safely handle needles and other sharps (Center for Disease Control, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Hepatitis B or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page d.).

Hamlet World Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Prince Hamlet, Hamlet

Hamlet World In having to enter and act in the world of his uncle, Hamlet himself becomes an unwilling creature of that world. When he chooses to obey the ghost's command and revenge his father, Hamlet accepts the inevitability that he must become part of Denmark's "unweeded garden". As the ripple of original vengeful intent widens and Hamlet is slowly but surely entangled in Claudius' brutal world through his madness, his murders, his plots, his relationship with other characters and his revelations on life and more importantly, death. Even before the ghost urges Hamlet to avenge his death, Hamlet teeters on the edge of his uncle's brutal world. Whilst never evil in intent Hamlet is simply one of the finest tragic heroes. Caught between his agony of mind and indecision Hamlet's nature is neither treacherous like Claudius' nor rash like Laertes'. This combination of values carries only tragedy when one such as Hamlet suffers such a fate as he did. Prior to his dead father's prompting, Hamlet is already devoured by melancholy over the loss of Old Hamlet and his mother's "o'er hasty" marriage to Claudius. This suggests that Hamlet was already inexorably linked to his Uncle's brutal world. "It is not, nor it cannot come to good." (Act1, Scene2) Hamlet also feels jealousy towards his mother as their relationship goes beyond that of a normal parent/child relationship. Whilst perhaps not sexual, their mere fifteen years age difference has enclosed them in a very close-knit co-dependant affair. "You are the Queen, your husband's brother's wife, And, would it not so, you are my mother." (Act3, Scene4) This jealousy and hatred Hamlet feels is close to pushing him over the edge, so when the Ghost commands revenge Hamlet has already positioned himself at the starting line ready to begin his descent into Denmark's brutal court. Hamlet's acceptance of the task of revenge, even if somewhat reluctant, is the key to entering Claudius' world. Revenge in any context is morally wrong. Hamlet himself realises this and is aware that the deeds he is charged to commit can never bring about good, yet he knows he must complete them. "O, cursed spite, That ever I was born to set it right." (Act2, Scene1) Hamlet's intent to revenge his father's murder dooms him from the start because of his wish to catch Claudius where bystanders may also be witness to his guilt, therefore turning Hamlet from an assassin to an executioner. Although Hamlet does get his wish the price he pays is far too dear, perhaps however the death of those eight people was the only solution to correct the times that were "out of joint". Some may say that the end justifies the means but Hamlet does become an unwilling creature of Claudius' world because as the original seed of revenge took root Hamlet could do nothing but let it grow. Hamlet's plots to catch Claudius centre on his will to find out whether or not the apparition he witnessed was telling the truth. In Shakespeare's time a ghost was often regarded as a misleading spirit so in this way Hamlet's procrastination coupled with his conscience makes it understandable that he does not act quickly. The Mousetrap, the metatheatre used within the play is Hamlet's most cunning scheme. This shows us the treachery which Hamlet is capable of, in stark contrast to his almost jovial mood at the thought of revenge on Claudius. This orchestration of a play paralleling the murder and incest his uncle commits, shows us how Hamlet has become part of the diseased world shown on the stage. "The plays the thing, Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King." (Act2, Scene2) We see in Hamlet a drastic change with the arrival of the players. His mood lightens considerably and there is a hint that this may have been more like the prince of Denmark before his father's murder. However, within this jovial and perhaps slightly too good-natured behaviour we see Hamlet's underlying malaise - he needs to prove his uncle's guilt. "Had he the motive and cue for passion, That I have?" (Act2, Scene2) This causes his manner becomes vicious, paralleling with his existence in Claudius' world. The Mousetrap catches its prey just as Hamlet intends but instead of finishing it there, Claudius is allowed to escape. Many view this as Hamlet's most grievous fault, in fact it is his saving grace. To have struck down his unknowing uncle on his knees in prayer would have turned Hamlet from righteous assassin to conscienceless villain. To murder Claudius then, Hamlet

Freakonomics Unearthing Hidden Answers to Problems

Freakonomics Unearthing Hidden Answers to Problems Critical writing is one of the most interesting models of writing that exits. It involves presenting a problem by exposing unimaginable and hidden issues that emerge as the answers to those problems. This form of writing invites a lot of debate and possible opposition to the writer s assumptions.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Freakonomics: Unearthing Hidden Answers to Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been called freakonomics (DiNardo 973). DiNardo continues to argue that Freakonomics is intended to entertain than to inform. There is a lack of â€Å"serious questions to ask and therefore it is even more impossible to imagine what serious answers would look like† thus becoming even the more entertaining (973). Despite this simplification by DiNardio, Baker argues that freakonomics presents a problem in a â€Å"new way, associating factors that seem unrelated to the problem in trying to come up with the solutions† and exposing uncertainties about the knowledge experts hold as conclusive (para 1). This leaves a lot of room for disagreements on the author’s assumptions. In their 2005 book on freakonomics, they propose alternative conclusions on several problems the American society is facing. Their arguments propose that just because â€Å"two things are correlated does not mean that one cause another.† They use the analogy of X being related to Y. This correlation does not â€Å"offer further information of the direction of the relationship.† They argue that maybe X cause Y or vice versa. Or may be both X and Y are caused by another unseen factor (10). In analyzing the causes of the unexpected sudden 50% decline in crimes in the late 1990s America, many experts proposed a number of reasons. Key among them was an improved economy, so many would be criminals were gainfully employed, and better policing initiative by the American police. However Freakonomics view of this event point to a little insignificant event 20 years earlier. It all stated when a young troubled 21 year old drug abusing alcoholic Norma McCorvey sought to abort her third pregnancy. Norma had previously given up her two other children for adoption. Her plight was adopted by pro abortionist. The result is that abortion was legalized. Levitt Dubner argue that so many would be criminal were therefore never born, thus the decrease in crime rates years later (4-6). But can this conclusions hold water? Freakonomists are very systematic writers. They follow a procedural criterion in seeking alternative solutions to the problem being defined. They first collect Information that includes statistical data to support their arguments. In presenting their case for the reason why crime suddenly dropped in America, Levitt and Dubner first collected all the information they needed to support their otherwise illogical proposal. This information included statisti cal analysis for example crime dropped by 23% in five states the allowed abortion (p 140).Advertising Looking for critical writing on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This statistically proven conclusion outweighed the criminologist 8 most suggested reasons for the drop in crime which they dismissed as inconclusive. In their arguments, expert’s opinion is wrong most of the time because it basically focuses on and draws its conclusions from correlation, which just shows just a basic relationship and nothing more. Because this expert opinion is directly passed to the public for consumption through the media, without any debate it becomes the public truth (4, 5). The 8 experts suggested alternatives were: innovative policing, which was cited 52 times, reliable prisons, decrease in drug markets, aging population, improved laws that control passion of guns, strong economy increased number of police offi cer and other such as capital punishment. But when Levitt and Dubner presented their alternative argument supported by statistical data, these expert opinions crumbled like a cookie in water. Upon closer analysis only three of the above causes had a logical sense of reducing crime. All the others were â€Å"Figments of someone’s imagination.† It was just â€Å"wishful thinking† (4, 5). It is important to note that freakonomists always tend to present their alternative argument on the basis of what effect it will have on the economy since they are economist. Take the analysis of the effects of guns on crime control. They argue that tightening of gun control laws does not mean a decrease in crime. In Switzerland, every average male keeps an assault rifle for defense, yet it is the safest country to live. This is a stack contrast to America which has imposed tougher gun control laws, yet crime rates are much higher in America than in Switzerland. To further support their argument, they use the analogy of a girl confronted by a mugger. If the girl had a gun, she would scare the mugger away and therefore the gun becomes necessary. But if the mugger had a gun he would accomplish his act therefore criminalizing gun possession. The conclusion of their argument opposes expert proposals of reducing guns the fewer the number of guns in the streets the lower the crime rate. Their conclusion is that societies need to have more guns in the streets, held by the right hands to control crime (131- 133). A safer economy therefore needs more guns but in the right hands, like the young girl confronted by a mugger.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Freakonomics: Unearthing Hidden Answers to Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conclusion, freakonomists have very systematic criteria for establishing an alternative proposal to any problem they are solving. Their priorities start with stating the problem at hand. They then highlight experts proposed alternatives before coming in with their own counter alternative. They support it with tangible examples that include statistical data. The result is that always they end up trivializing experts and their opinions as inconclusive. A good example is their analogy of the causes of drops in crime in America. They first highlighted expert 8 most cited proposals for the decline before coming up with their own well statistically defended conclusion that nothing had reduced crime in 1990s America than the legalization of abortion. Baker, Thomas. â€Å"The 2005 National Conference on Appellate Justice: Selected Presentation From The General Sessions: Applied Freakonomics: Explaining The Crisis Of Volume, The Journal of Appellate Practice and Process (2006). Web DiNardo, John. Interesting Questions in Freakonomics. Journal of Economic  Literature, 45. 4 (2007). Dubner, Stephen. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explore s the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Perennial, 2009. Print

Article Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Article Review - Research Paper Example The author clearly states an explicit thesis and has a specific point of view; the impact of juvenile drug courts on drug use and criminal behavior. What prompted the researchers to carry out this study is that there is very limited literature that supports the effectiveness of the juvenile drug courts (JDC). Therefore, the study was aimed to fill in the gap on the effectiveness of JDCs. The audiences for the article include criminal justice agencies, teachers, parents, young children and youths, psychologists, law enforcement agents, and medical practitioners. The article is organized into an abstract, introduction, study objectives, methodology, results, discussion and analysis, and conclusion. The article’s abstract provides a summary of the study. The juvenile drug courts have adopted the models together with philosophy of courts for adults, however, their successes in bringing down drug addiction together with juvenile deliquency have been mixed. The research study made comparisons on juvenile drug courts with youths receiving standard probation on alcohol and other drugs to criminal re-offences 3 to 30 months after the youths had served the juvenile drug court’s probation. The study uses a quasi-experimental design. The participants included youth who participated in either probation (596) or JDC (622) between 2003 and 2007. The study results found out that probation and JDC youth did not differ significantly on alcohol and other drugs offending. Contrarily, the JDC juveniles had statistically significant fewer delinque nt crimes in contrast to those on probation, with the difference between the groups widening with extended follow-up periods. The authors start by providing a background information on JDCs. This enables the readers to have a background knowledge of the study. Various interventions have been used to address juvenile delinquency. The most common strategy in the juvenile justice system is punishment that is

The Last Lecture (Youtube video) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Last Lecture (Youtube video) - Essay Example True to his assertion he lost the battle to his disease in July 25, 2008. The lecture of this invincible man created history. In the lecture he mentioned about his childhood dreams, the process through which he achieved them and how he guided others to achieve the same. He detailed the outstanding moments of his life, the eminent t people with whom he interacted and explained how he had learnt much from others. He dedicated the last lecture to his 3 children Dylan, Logan, and Chloe aged 5, 3 and 1.At the very beginning, Dr. Pausch made reference in gratitude to his dad. He mentioned about the 10 tumors in his liver and informed the audience that he had about 3-6 month’s lifespan to his credit, though he was lucky enough to avail treatment from the best doctors in the world. He had realization that the game was going to be up soon, but he put the poser to the audience why worry about that today? During the course of the lecture, he was in excellent spirits; his responses were sterling, though he knew what was going on within his body. He mentioned about his love for the family and the reason why he bought a lovely house in Virginia, a better place he thought for the family, down the road. He recounted his childhood dreams his Football fantasies, his achievement as an author in the World Book Encyclopedia, working for Disney etc. He expected that the children should be part of the Football Team and play it, not from the physical fitness point of view, not only because it was a game, but it was the learning center of qualities that mold a youth into a good human being. The lessons in teamwork, perseverance, sportsmanship and other positive qualities were important. He gave lots of importance to the process of indirect learning. He paid handsome tributes to his parents who built him and enabled him to achieve his dreams. His mother was always a source of encouragement for him and whenever he was in dire straits, she came to his

The quality of risk management in the Civil Engineering Assignment

The quality of risk management in the Civil Engineering - Assignment Example The paper tells that to any engineer, a statement of â€Å"risk† in correlation with a hazard represents the combination of the probability that a hazard will occur and the resulting consequences of that hazard. The possible consequences could range from traumatic injury or death, the cost of rebuilding a structure, the loss of revenue from suspension of economic activity, In addition to environmental damage, and further dangers. To be specific, a hazard can be defined as a set of conditions with the potential to cause adverse or undesirable events. In any case, the safety issue has to be addressed either by the soundness and safety of the design, or by directed measures taken in advance to minimize dangers. Facility construction and civil engineering by necessity involves a wide range of risks. International projects — defined in this case as those where the owner and/or contractor originate from a country other than that of where the project is situated — usual ly require a wider range of issues than purely domestic efforts. There is no doubt that venturing beyond one’s typical business jurisdiction produces many unknowns. Factors concerning owner investment decisions involving international capital facilities can be highly complex and may differ in crucial ways from region to region and between various projects. Contractors are faced with similar challenges when they begin working outside of their country of residency. International projects differ from purely domestic operations in areas such as legal regulations, construction systems/equipment, available technology, and management strategies. The success of a particular venture, and in some cases the viability of the entire organization, can depend upon an understanding of the risks correlating with these projects. International projects that fail in these implicit challenges in terms of scale, budget, and scheduling can result in a variety of undesirable impacts with severe econ omic, social, and political consequences. There is little doubt that construction projects of many eventual purposes going through a process of systematic review for the purpose of risk assessment and managed decision-making will benefit over those that do not. Viewed collectively, construction in a global sense is an essential worldwide industry which by itself accounts for approximately US$3.4 trillion, which constitutes nearly 10% of gross domestic product globally. (Bon, 2000) This sum is distributed among local, regional, or national enterprises, yet an increasing percentage of industry players conduct operations on an international level (Bon 2001). Most recently, the United States has been the largest construction market. With estimates reaching over $800 billion USD—projects completed outside of the domestic market. Construction in a general sense has a history of even greater capital investment in the portfolios of American owners, as well as the work performed by Am erican contractors. The development and operations of multinational corporations serves as a major contributor to the creation of an international market for construction in a way not possible in previous centuries. (United Nations 2001). Most industry experts propose that international business opportunities will continue to attract American foreign investment, while the international construction market will draw U.S. contractors. American Owners are vigorous in searching out international opportunities for new markets or to streamline cost effectiveness in present manufacturing operations. The globalization of the international construction markets allows for considerable profit for contractors to expand into additional foreign markets (Hann and Diekmann 2002). With the expansion of profit potential comes in added need for safety. The effort to minimize safety hazards is not only an issue of public concern, but as the market expands construction hazards pose an increasing threat to the budgetary constraints of many firms. With greater investment also comes greater potential for losses if

Mandatory National Service Debate in the US

Mandatory National Service Debate in the US Many countries require all young adults to serve two or more years in the military as a way of providing security to their country and as a rite of passage as a citizen. The United States however does not. The closest thing to mandatory service is selective service, and until recently that only applied to male citizens age 18-25. The idea of mandatory service has gained momentum in the last few years and many lawmakers have proposed that the United States adopt this policy. Some are opposed to the idea of mandatory military service, and I agree deciding to risk your life in the defense of your country should be a personal choice, not an obligation. However, the Peace Corps, AmeriCorps, Habitat for Humanity, and Teach for America are all programs that supports our country, develops unity, and teaches young adults valuable work skills. The pre-amble to the constitution talks about the responsibility we have as citizens to establish justice, provide for common defense, and promote gener al welfare, and We the People means everyone equally. Most will agree that democracy only works when citizens are involved and unified with a common purpose. John F. Kennedy once said, ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country (Kennedy). Unity starts with equality and equality starts with mandatory national service. It is a simple idea; one or two years of national service should become a countrywide requirement for all young adults as way to build unity, develop a sense of identity and provide a valuable service to their community. Most people can agree that America is more divided than ever; we lack unity and commitment to our democracy. The only way we can effectively unify and regain our sense of community is through mandatory national service. Wars unfortunately bind people together, build a sense of community and provides a common purpose, Veterans of any war share a common experience, the intensity of which creates strong and enduring relationships (Grigsby). However, war is not what binds these people together, it is the sense of service to their nation, community, each other and the greater good. Much like the military, programs like the Peace Corp and AmeriCorps show signs of creating loyalty and unity among participants. These programs bring together people of different races and backgrounds to solve complex problems that face their communities and if not for this program, their paths may have never crossed, Service creates an opportunity to work on problems of public concern and participate in the lives of others whose paths one might otherwise never cross in a structured and supportive environment (Frumkin and Miller). In addition, it garners respect and empathy for others, Some evidence exists to suggest that full-time AmeriCorps members acquire valuable civic attributes, such as cultivating respect for others (Reingold and Lenkowsky). Many great people have said, there is no greater honor than service to your country, and commitment to a cause greater than yourself. Some argue that Americans should not have to earn their citizenship through mandatory service and is a violates their freedoms or a form of slavery; even if they choose how they serve. Many leverage the 13th amendment in opposition to mandatory national service, which states, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist in the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction (Pauwels).ÂÂ   I agree that our constitution affords us this right, and many other rights; the right to free speech, freedom of religion and the right to pursue life, liberty, and happiness. However, I feel that with these rights comes responsibility. The responsibility of all citizens to support and defend our constitution, be active in our communities and be involved in the democratic process. Today two things represent citizenship in America, voting and paying taxes. A government of the people, for the peopl e and by the people certainly implies more commitment. Others believe that mandatory service delays education and work opportunities. However, I contend that national service provides both. Many of the programs available provide current volunteers with opportunities to learn valuable life and work skills that will only enhance their education and growth, One benefit of national service it thus thought to reside in its ability to open up the minds of young people to the full range of life choices available to them. While they may think, they are working for others, they may end up learning about themselves (Frumkin and Miller). There is no greater life experience than witnessing and understanding the struggle of others. Regardless of our position on mandatory national service, I think we can agree that it is vital to maintaining unity, equality, and our democracy. Mandatory national service ensures We the People are involved in protecting the freedoms we enjoy as Americans. In addition, the life skills, and the opportunity for young people to see issues from a different perspective only enhances the long-term education of our youth. I will agree, there are some issues with mandated national service, like mandated military service. As I stated before, the decision to risk your life for your country should be a choice one makes, not an obligation. However, believe that all Americans should be required to serve at least one or two years in other programs that support our country and protects our democracy. References Frumkin, Peter and Brendan Miller. Visions of National Service. Society 45.5 (2008): 436-443. ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Frumkin and Miller discuss how national service has alternatively been a way to promote an active and engaged citizenship, accelerate personal growth, social capital and meet critical social needs. Grigsby, Carol A. Binding the Nation: National Service in America. Parameters 38.4 (2008): 109-123. ProQuest. Web. 14 Dec 2016. Grigsby discusses how soldiers have a connection to each other because of war, a life-long bond because they have seen and experienced the same thing. Kennedy, John F. Inagrual Address. 1961. Web. 22 Dec 2016. . Kennedys inaugural address discusses issues that face all Americans regardless of party, and how we only succeed if we work together. Pauwels, Andrew M. Mandatory National Service: Creating Generations of Civic Minded Citizens. Notre Dame Law Review 88.5 (2013). ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Pauwels discusses the legality of mandatory service and articles of the constitution that specifically address involuntary servitude. Reingold, David A. and Leslie Lenkowsky. The Future of National Service. Public Administration Review 70.S1 (2010): S114-S121. ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Reingold discusses the pros and cons of national service and leverages several studies to show the benefits and issues with AmeriCorps.

The Individual And Society :: essays research papers fc

In this paper I will try to explain the puzzle of whether individuals are products of society or society is a product of individuals. I believe that in general, and in the beginning, the answer to this question, is that society is a human product. I will start by presenting early man, the hunter and gatherer as an early form of society, but lacking critical qualities of a society. Then I will continue to support my theory by analyzing the beginning of known society some three and one half thousands years ago. I will present the individual as creation of society, or more precisely, an ongoing social recursive conditioning. I will also present society as creation of individuals. Finally, I will conclude my paper with some thoughts on the paradox of who is the product and who is the producer of the individual and society. EARLY MAN According to Charles Darwin, man developed from the ape. Darwin’s theory of evolution appears to be unsupported though, because for thousands of years these apes have been there, but none of them have developed into human beings nor did Darwin ever find the missing link. Although unproved, there must be a process of evolution. And if there was evolutionary process, a few of the steps in-between still must be missing. Since man is not asexual, man did not, and could not, survive or prosper by himself. Early man grouped together with other hunters and gathers to form a family which brought order, direction, and stability to his life. According to Rousseau, â€Å"the earliest and only natural societies are families (Primis 192).† The point here is that the individuals choose to become a part of something larger than the individual. But if Rousseau is correct, there was a time when the individual gave up certain freedoms to find security within a group. This is contra to Thomas Hobbes view. It was not until significant scientific advances in the nineteenth century that the view of this seventeenth century philosopher Hobbes has his views rejected. Hobbes stated that the life of early man was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. Hobbes thought that early man was scarcely even human and a club-wielding savage. At either rate, early man lacked the qualities that were considered by John Locke as necessary to begin a society even though it is believed that groups and families existed. Society as Product of Individuals

Positioning of Absolut Vodka

Absolut Positioning. This report will describe the concept of positioning, effective positioning and its relation to segmentation. It will analyse the positioning of Absolut vodka in its market share. In this report the relevant positioning criteria will be identified and appropriate positioning maps to support the analysis will be used. In addition, suggestions on how to improve and develop the Absolut’s positioning will be given as well. In order to apply the relevant academic theory to the positioning of Absolut Vodka brand the definition and idea of positioning concept needs to be identified.Adcock, Halborg and Ross (2001) provide the positioning definition made by Ries and Trout that say that it is ‘what happens in the mind of customers. ’ Brassington and Pettitt (2003) write that positioning ‘means thinking about a product in the context of the competitive space it occupies in its market, defined in terms of attributes that matter to the target market. ’ It is possible to state that positioning is the identification of position of certain brand and its total image among different other brands in the minds of target audience.Positioning includes the evaluation of competitive advantages and brand’s niche. The main purpose of  positioning  is to achieve  sustainable  view in  the minds of  consumers about the brand  as the best  one in particular sphere. It is known that all offered services and products are taking their place with main goal to satisfy customer’s wants and needs. Consequently, in case with effective positioning goods and services have to ‘promise the benefit the customer will receive, create the expectation, and offer a solution to the customer’s problem’, according to http://www. marketing91. com.Effective positioning needs to be unique and realistic, it has to be related to current position, should be long term and yet updated and improved during the time pe riod. Also, product needs to be in the mind of customers’. According to Wind (1980), there are six principles for product positioning. Firstly, positioning can be based on product one and only feature. Also, positioning may be related to product’s benefit that may satisfy consumer’s wants and needs. Besides, positioning can be based according to usage and/or occasion. Additionally, products can be based on competitors and on product class.Another principle that company can use to position product is to base it on user category. Segmentation In order to run business successfully it is essential to understand the concept of market segmentation. Backer (2003) argues that ‘positioning is easy. Market segmentation is difficult. Positioning problems stem from poor segmentation’. Company needs to work only with segment that has been chosen. Absolut Facts (Appendix 1) Speaking about Absolut Vodka, the first question that comes up is: â€Å"Why such unsophi sticated drink has become so successful and popular? when Russian vodka was the most recognised product, occupying the whole niche in industry, when Absolut’s bottleneck was too short for barman to handle and the whole bottle caused the negative associations with pharmacy jars. The answer to the question is: an excellent positioning strategies and advertising actions. Position Absolut possess itself as premium vodka that is not just an alcoholic drink, but lifestyle. It is shown as a beverage for the sophisticated and upper-end people; it is ‘for status buyers who are not open to snob appeal, but open to wit’. Absolut targets people ‘under 35’, those who are ‘ferociously hip’.Absolut has created the conditions, when people are ready to pay premium price (price is 15% higher than most expensive vodka brands) to join the ‘bohemian’ coterie that appreciates the high quality vodka. Due to great positioning and advertising action s the brand itself is now associated with art, music and singers, luxurious clubs that represent the Absolut diction. ‘Once marketers identify the position they would like to occupy in the market, they design a unique marketing mix that will support that position by reaching that target market and meeting its needs’ –Bovee, Houston, Thill (1995).The combination of promotion, product, price and place will assist in the brand’s positioning in order to distinguish it from competitive companies. Marketing mix in case with Absolut: Promotion is the ‘business of communicating with customers’ – The Times 100. In order to promote the brand Absolut releases the limited bottle editions, creative ads etc. Product One of the famous brand’s features is bottle’s shape that is shown in creative, humorous and trendy manner. Also, there is much attention paid to Sweden culture, history and background of vodka.Additionally, there is no doub t that company emphasises on quality of Absolut using high technologies, sources and products in order to maintain its status of super premium spirit. Price As it was mentioned, price is very high compared to other vodka manufacturers. However, Absolut is targeting the certain segment of people that are willing and ready to pay more for status drink. Place The Times 100 explains that ‘place is concerned with various methods of transporting and storing goods, and then making them available for the customer. Getting the right product to the right place at the right time involves the distribution system. According to www. absolut. com there are famous Ice bars in London, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Tokyo under Absolut brand. This fact again supports the idea that Absolut is not a drink but lifestyle. Positioning map ‘Once the positioning has been completed for all the relevant attributes, it is useful to be able to visualise the complete picture graphically, by creating a per ceptual map of the market’ as Brassington and Pettitt (2003) explain. Using http://oliver. efri. hr/~medmark/dokumenti/absolute_vodka. pdf and Mintel’s Vodka – UK – March 2009 report the positioning map for vodka brands may be structured as following:Platinum vodka – the price is higher than ? 40 for 70cl (Mintel) Super premium vodka – is ? 25 or more for 70cl (Mintel) Premium – ? 14. 94-? 24. 99 for 70cl (Mintel) Own-label – ? 4. 82-? 21. 83 according to http://www. supermarketownbrandguide. co. uk Mintel provides the diagram (Appendix 2) that shows the UK market share of vodka, 2008. According to that, it is possible to state that Absolut competes with Smirnoff Red which ‘in the UK is the brand leader ‘the sophisticated one’ the establishment’ – Adcock, Halborg, Ross (2001). Smirnoff is less expensive and yet quality (around ? 1 per bottle) and is famous because of its ‘Russia-nessâ€⠄¢ (however, it is known Smirnoff comes from Connecticut, USA). Suggestions For Absolut it is important to continue its development researching its competitors and stick with its target market. Company has to be very sensitive to its customers’ demand changes and actions of competitors (direct and potential) – their profitability, weaknesses and strengths. Absoult needs to understand and know competitors as much as it is possible. Company ‘should not be surprised if it falls to stay ahead’ as Backer (2003) states. BibliographyAdcock, D, Halborg, A, Ross, C (2001). Marketing principles and practice. 4th ed. Essex: Financial Times Management. p172-177. Backer, M (2003). The Marketing Book. 5th ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. p106. Brassington, F, Pettitt, S (2003). Principles of Marketing. Essex: Financial Times. p116-197. Courtland, B, Houston, M, Thill, J (1995). Marketing. 2nd ed. NY: McGraw-Hill. p202 Kotler, P, G Armstrong, J Saunders and V Wong, 199 9, Principles of Marketing, second European edition, (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall) Wind, Y, 1980, Going to Market: new twists for some old tricks, Wharton Magazine, 4Absolut. (2012). Absolut Vodka. Available: www. absolut. com. Last accessed 16th Apr 2012. Bhasin, H. (2010). Effective positioning. Available: http://www. marketing91. com/effective-positioning/. Last accessed 15th Apr 2012. Oliver, E. (2010). Absolut Vodka. Available: http://oliver. efri. hr/~medmark/dokumenti/absolute_vodka. pdf. Last accessed 16th Apr 2012. Supermarket own brand guide. (2012). Spirits. Available: http://www. supermarketownbrandguide. co. uk/search. php? SearchString=vodka;Search. x=69;Search. y=18;score;price=0;pricevalue=0. 0;table=spirits. The Times 100 ; Wilson and Wilson Publishing Ltd. (2011). Marketing mix. Available: http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/business-theory/marketing/marketing-mix-price-place-promotion-product. html#ixzz1s6QeVriC. Last accessed 15th Apr 2012. Mintel Vodka, UK, March (2009). Vodka – can fashion last forever. [Online] Available at: http://academic. mintel. com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show;/display/id=393884 [Accessed: April 2012]. White Spirits and RTDs, UK, March (2011). Competitive Context. [Online]. Available at: http://academic. mintel. om/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show;/display/id=545336/display/id=569847 [Accessed: April 2012]. Appendices 1. ABSOLUT VODKA, introduced in the US in 1979, is the fourth largest international premium spirit in the world and is available in more than 150 markets. ABSOLUT VODKA is the number two brand of premium vodka worldwide. (Source: Impact International) Since its launch in 1979, ABSOLUT VODKA has achieved significant worldwide sales growth, from 10,000 nine-liter cases (90,000 liters) to 11. 0 million nine-liter cases in 2010 (99. 0 millions of liters).Every bottle of ABSOLUTVODKA is produced in Ahus, in southern Sweden. ABSOLUT VODKA is produced from winter wheat, a hardy wheat grain that gives ABSOLUT VODKA its smooth grain character. Every year approximately 80,000 tons are used to produce ABSOLUT VODKA. Over one kilo (two pounds) of grain is used for every one-liter bottle. ABSOLUT VODKA uses a unique process called continuous distillation, introduced in the nineteenth century by ‘‘The Vodka King’’, Lars Olsson Smith. ABSOLUT VODKA is distilled hundreds of times until all impurities have been removed 2.

A poet that is very aware of transience Essay

We also see the loss of innocence in ‘Tear’, which is another memory from Kinsellas childhood about the time he lost his grandmother. This poem is very vivid and you can imagine you were right there in the room with him through it all. It was for that exact reason that I did not like ‘Tear’ as I found it emotional to the stage of disturbing, reminding me of the first person I lost who was close to me. The way he describes his reluctance to say goodbye to his grandmother is understandable, but I do not like how he describes her. â€Å"Drying mud†. I think that insulting someone who has passed is wrong and shouldn’t be done, even in poetry for imagery. I also dislike the how he says â€Å"smell of disused organs and sour kidney† as if the body was already rotting. Those along with the idea that it is more favourable to him to â€Å"kiss the damp† than his dying relative has caused me to strongly dislike this poem. However even though this poem is not for my tastes, the imagery is clear and the depiction of the pain that is experienced and loss of innocence that is lost when a relative close to you dies is very obvious in this poem. You can tell that the boy in the poem will not leave as the same person who entered. â€Å"Old age can digest anything. † He has been forever changed by his run in with death now that he is old enough to understand it, rather than when he was too young and his sister died. His â€Å"Child-animal grief† shows us this. I really liked studying Kinsella’s poetry even though I couldn’t relate to a lot of the themes that his poetry deals with, such as the negative effects of aging. However there was others that I could like how the dead haunt the present and how memories haunt us. I may be too young to have a lot of experience with getting â€Å"haunted† but there are a few things that, try as I might, cannot forget and I can relate to Kinsellas poetry in that way. He has shown that he is a thoughtful person and thinks about family and friends even when working. I love how he can so clearly depict thing that happened to him back when he was as young as 7 or 8 and I hope that I can do that too when I am older. Kinsella’s acceptance with death is inspiring and showed me that even when our body grows old and good looks are a thing of the past, you can still continue to carry yourself with pride and grace. It is for these reasons and many more that I have enjoyed studying Kinsella for my leaving cert course, and I plan to look further into his work when I have time after it. He is definitely a poet that I will try to remember when I am an old woman.

Aawakening,Yellow Wallpaper, White Heron, As I Stand Here Ironing, Artwork Critical Analysis essays

Aawakening,Yellow Wallpaper, White Heron, As I Stand Here Ironing, Artwork Critical Analysis essays Traditionally women who practice a certain art have struggled in their lives and experienced conflict between their hopes to become professional and between the traditional roles that would often hold them back. In literature some of these womens stories are like fairy tales, myths, or fantasies come true. In Sarah Orne Jewetts A White Heron, Sylvias fairy tale life shows the artistic tendencies waiting to come out in a young child. A.S. Byatts Art Work introduces the fantasy come true story of a struggling artist who finally gets her break and the life of the young Mrs. Gordins in Gilman Making A Change is a fantasy come true as well. The women in these stories all face challenges and are forced to make decisions concerning their art. In a White Heron Sylvia is first introduced as a shy girl who was afraid of folks. She was happy on her own in the woods with nature. Much like a fairy tale Sylvia was taken out of her hard life in the city and brought to the country by her grandmother. Sylvia was a child of the woods and her grandmother described her as one with the animals. Much like a fairy tale the strange hunter comes into Sylvias life and although she is scared at first she learns that he means her no harm. However she does learn of his occupation and is not at ease with it at all. This man represents everything that is foreign to Sylvia and perhaps all of the things she is trying to forget from her life in the city. He brings about the ideas of death and technology with the use of his guns, as well as materialism by offering money for the white heron he is looking for. Sylvia knows of the white heron and feels connected to it and she will not give up its location to the ornithologist. Sylvia makes her fina l decision after seeing the white heron with his mate and she knows she will not reveal its whereabouts to the man. For Sylvia ...

An Analysis of Psychological Theories with Regard to Sexual Offenders Essay

An Analysis of Psychological Theories with Regard to Sexual Offenders - Essay Example Through the utilization of criminology the ability to illustrate the impact sexual offenders place in society has been predetermined as well, although the statistics change on a yearly basis. However the use of criminology and the many theories from the heart of this identity of the study of crime have developed ways in which to gauge the characteristics, background, and the environment in which the offender might have developed from and also how it might contribute to their sexual offenses against others (Lynch 2002). In this generation, researchers have found various treatment programs which often work well in the attempt to rehabilitate the offender and reintegrate them back into their former communities. However the research will show that this process can be extensive at times and there are many theorizations associated with this type of crime and its occurrence. There have been many theorizations utilized to try and depict the reasons why some people focus on criminal actions that are relative to rape and other forceful sexual encounters as well. Some of these theories are rational theory, female delinquent theory, Structural functionist theory, and many, many others. Some have offered better insight as to why these types of crimes occur and others have just lead to more questions as to the occurrence of this type of crime. With regard to rational theory, many criminal theorists state that sexual offenders are always given the choice whether to commit an act of rape of sexual violence or not, in other words they have the ability to rationalize this type of decision (Barbaree et al 1990). The idea of rational theory developed from the concept of economic theory in the mid 20th century with some of the early founding thinkers being Homans, Blau, and Coleman (Sobel 1994). As was stated, this theory views an act of crime in a way that deciphers the choices and decisions that criminal offenders make subsequent to the criminal act itself. It is seemingly closely connected to the 'Theory of Will' in that it gives the idea that any sexual offender has the mental capacity to make their own decisions between right and wrong and by choosing to bring harm to someone else they are detailing that they are fully aware of the consequences of their actions (Barbaree et al 1990). The main difference between the 'Theory of Free Will' and the theory of 'Rational Choice' is the fact that although the 'Free Will theory' shows that possible offenders do make their own choices in regards to committing a serious crime such as a sexual offence they do not rationalize their decisions and are very impulsive in their actions indicating that their reasoning might not be that of a wholly correct mentally functioning human being that has the ability to weigh right from wrong. Rational choice theory shows that there is no question in

Industry Research Completion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industry Research Completion - Essay Example According to Domansky and Williams (2006), the global automotive industry encompasses a few principal manufacturers such as General Motors, Toyota, Honda, Ford, Volkswagen and DaimlerChrylser that serve the global market. The globalization of automobile industry has resulted from the setup of overseas facilities and mergers between firms in recent times. The joint venture of General Motors and Toyota in New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. and Fiat holding an 85% stake in Ferrari are examples of such mergers. The Automobile Industry is one of the most important industries in the world, employing millions of people, generating billions of dollars in world revenues, placing more than 806 million vehicles on the roads, accelerating the business and commercial activities and linking person to person, area to area and country to country. It is more than a 100 years old. It came into existence in Germany and France and later grew in USA as a result of mass production. However, Papatheodorou and Harris (2007) state that considering the level of employment and revenue it generates, the industry is suffering from financial crisis with profit margins falling from 20% in 1920s to 5% in 2007. This may be due to the maturity of automobile markets in developed countries. According to Encarta Online Encyclopedia (2009), the Automobile Industry has tried to reduce the cost of transportation through mass marketing, mass production and globalized production. The world is headed towards the crisis of recession and economic slump which is expected to reduce automobile sales worldwide. The present economic downturn has proven to have hit the automobile industry sharply and there has been rapid decline in the sales of the industry. Political and economic instability, credit crunch, banks being more particular about auto financing and the rising prices of cars has impacted the

Business Decision Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Decision Making Process - Essay Example It is because of this reason that it is often important for the higher management to improve upon the decision making process by learning tools and techniques which contribute towards improving the overall effectiveness of the decisions made. It is important to note that decision making and problem solving are often considered as the same however, there are certain subtle differences which need to be taken into account for decision making and problem solving. It is important to understand that decision making takes place at every level of the organization i.e. from top management of the organization to the operational level and as such magnitude, nature and importance of decision making at each different level differs from each other. This paper will apply the analyses and techniques of business decision making in planning and delivery of the Ashes Test to be played at Cardiff during 2009 providing at least three illustrations or examples. Business decision making process is quite complex process as it draws upon data from different sources and utilizes them in different manner in order to achieve the desired results. In order to make better and more effective decisions, it is therefore important that almost every possible aspect of decision making shall be taken into consideration. Cost and benefit analysis is the major criteria based on which most of the business decisions are made and as such there are different tools and techniques which are used to make decisions more effective. Over the period of time the general theoretical thrust behind the business decision making has been based on finding the quantitative aspects of the decision making whereas on the other hand qualitative aspects of decision making were not taken into consideration. (Baker,1981). This focus on the quantitative aspects of decision making has greatly improved the capability of

Eastenders and Coronation Street Essay Example for Free

Eastenders and Coronation Street Essay astenders and Coronation Street deals with these rules by not showing any bad violence, drugs, sexual intercourse, nudity or demonstrations of exorcisms. If any of these are shown they will be justified so much that it is suitable for all ages. This affects the reality of the programme because in some of the storyline situations they cannot fully show the reality of what may happen in real life because they cannot swear for example, and all the things they cannot show are usually in everyday life. Paragraph three There are different principles shown in every episode, from the Eastenders episode we watched issues raised were things like underage drinking, working underage and adultery all these issues are delt with without harming or offending anyone. In the Coronation Street episode issues raised were slander, stalking, teenage depression, abortion and St Georges Day. Again all these issues were raised without insulting people. They couldnt show anything on local elections because it is against the broadcasting code and it may sway peoples decisions on who they are going to vote for. This also makes the reality of the programme not real because at that time of year people are talking about elections but on these programmes they cannot. Paragraph four The two soap operas Eastenders and Coronation Street differ from advertising because BBC1 dont have a commercial breaks in the middle and Coronation Street do they also are sponsored by Cadburys so at the start, the breaks and the end they advertise Cadburys. On BBC1 the viewers pay for the channel to stay up and running, but on ITV they make their money from adverts and advertising different products, and in Coronation Streets instance it is Cadburys. The commercial breaks are limited and regulated so they suit the stereotypical types who watch that certain programme but in soap operas instance all ages watch so there is adverts for all ages. Coronation Street and Eastenders are similar in that both dont show any products, brand names or designs so people are not persuaded to buy one product over another. Paragraph five Conclusion My opinion is that soap operas can never be real because of the regulations they are under, for example swearing and abuse is apart of everyday life even if it is to the minimum. However I dont think people watch them, for the realism of the programme but for the gossip or the melodrama others for the humour or the storylines which may help people with similar situations.

Effects of Stigma on Drug Users

Effects of Stigma on Drug Users In this essay I will demonstrate my understanding of stigma and labelling. There are certain people who are stigmatised and substance users often have a negative stereotype. This negativity will often not allow the substance user to seek the help and medical treatment that they need due to the stigma and labelling. I will be discussing the research around the impacts of stigma and labelling that will affect not only their treatment but in housing and employment. The term stigma originates from the ancient Greek word and signifies that he or she could be a slave, criminal or traitor and was used as a sign of disgrace and shame. It is now used to describe people who are stereotyped because of their social identity (Pierson Thomas, 2010). According to Goffman, when a person is not able to meet expectations because their behaviour or attributes are undesirable or unacceptable, then stigma disqualifies a person from social acceptance. Goffman suggests that stigma is, an undesirable attribute that is incongruous with our stereotype of what a given individual should be Goffmam (1963:3). Stigma is a use of negative labels and is about disrespect. It is not just a matter of using the wrong word but labels that person who has the substance use disorder. Stigma results in discrimination and abuse and is damaging to the lives of many people. The fear of stigma discourages families and many individuals from getting the support and treatment that they ma y need to lead normal healthy lifestyles. Stigma deprives people their full participation into society which then reinforces negative stereotypes (Goffman, 1968). The way of coping with stigma is to conceal behaviours and internalize these negative views and as a result will be subject to discrimination and exclusion within many areas. Drug problems will remain entrenched if substance users are seen as junkies. Landlords will be reluctant to let out their properties and employers will be wary of giving them jobs. Employment and housing are important to substance users as it can be vital in establishing themselves back into society (UKDPC, 2008). Research studies show that 80% of drug users are unemployed. Being employed is shown to be an important component into the reintegration into society. Once in work, it will help in building their self-esteem and back into normal life (UKDPC, 2008). Family members feel shame and stop trusting them and in some cases, disown him/her. Communitys will finger point, try to avoid contact and will gossip about them. Many would argue that societys disapproval of drug use; especially cannabis and heroin will say stigma is necessary to demonstrate disapproval (UKDPC, 2010). Stigma can also make the substance user stigmatize themselves, make them feel alone, rejected and destroy their self-esteem. Seeking help is very difficult for the substance user and will prevent them from doing so. They will often feel that quitting would be no use and returning to normal life would be impossible because people in society will no longer trust them and so will join in with other drug users, start criminal activities to pay for their use and accepting the blame of society (UKDPC, 2010). Stigma discourages families and individuals from getting the support and treatment they require. Families suffer the impact when another family member has a drug use (UKDPC, 2009) and it alters all their social invitations and friends that they once had. Other family members will often withdraw and children will often be targeted by bullies. Stigma deprives people of their full interaction into society. The UK Drug Policy Commission (UKDPC) suggests that 1.5 Million people in the UK are affected by a relatives drug use. Supportive relationships are key to a successful recovery. Carers UK commissioned a study which estimated that carers in the UK made a contribution of  £87 billion in total economic value in one year. This may have excluded many who have not come forward with coping with a relative who has a drug problem but this gives us some indication of the social contribution likely to be made by the supporting families (DrugScope/Adfam, 2009). The drug user must have determina tion and faith in reaching their goals and there will probably be setbacks and barriers but with the support and contribution of social workers, support groups, family and friends, this will help towards the recovery process (HM Government, 2010). Families and relationships are key issues for recovery and drug users improve when their family is behind them. They are more than likely to complete treatment and maintain their new lifestyles (Best Laudet, 2010). DrugScope published research in 2009 by interviewing a random sample of over 1000 people aged 18 plus. The research published showed that one in five adults had a personal experience of drug use, either direct or indirect. The findings where: 19 % have personal experience of drug addiction either directly or among family or friends; 1 in 10 adults have a friend who has experience of drug addiction; 1 in 20 have experienced drug addiction in their family; 1 in 50 has personal experience of drug addiction. 77 % agree investment in drug treatment is sensible use of government money. The poll found that 19% either had direct or indirect personal experience of a family member or knowing someone within their circle of friends. 11% were likely to have a friend who has experienced drug addiction. 6% had family members who were drug dependant, yet 2% experienced the drug dependency themselves. These figures do suggest that drug misuse and the dependency do affect many peoples lives and is a social problem (DrugScope, 2009). Stigma to substance users will possibly make addiction recovery and treatment more difficult. Substance users often manage in secret and would rather not seek out the treatment and live in denial. The University of Nevada studied 197 drug users on the affects of stigmatization. This research identified that because of the use of stigma they would become more dependent on their drug use due to the perceived negativity that the society had on drug users. 60% of drug users in this study felt that they were treated differently after people knew that they were a drug user. 46% felt that others became afraid of them once they found out and 45% felt that their families gave up on them and wanted nothing more to do with them. 38% of their friends had rejected them and finally, 14% of employers paid a lower wage (Addiction, 2010). Users have no good reason to stop using when you look at this research study. This research identifies that stigma is conceptuality unique. Drug users also had a mo re difficult time in treatment at succeeding when there were higher levels of stigma. The study also showed that drug users often cope in secret due to their inability to openly discuss their addiction; this caused poor mental health and decreased their chances of recovery. By reducing shame the society could help in driving forward in helping the treatment of drug users who are not coming forward due to stigma (Addiction, 2010). Stigmatising is not only found amongst the public but also by the professionals who may be working directly with them. Professionals, such as doctors and nurses, who work directly with drug users, will have a greater insight into the problems that drug users face on a day to day basis. Miller et al (2001) mentioned in UKDPC (2010:30) summarised research from the USA which showed an increase in negativity towards drug users. Two studies of the treatment of problems with drug users and drinkers both in the inpatient care and safety net emergency department showed that negative views during training, continued when they became qualified and working within their practice (UKDPC, 2010). Stigma between health professionals and the drug user will prevent them from seeking help and may be one of the reasons as to why the drug user will not seek out the help or medical treatment that they require (Kelly Westerhoff, 2010). Everyone knows that it is wrong to discriminate, whether it is because of their race, culture or religion. Substance use is very common and is widely misunderstood. It is essential that we learn about the person and treat with dignity and respect. This will then help in emphasizing their abilities (Mental Health and Recovery Board, 2009). Public attitudes to drug addiction were explored in the UK in 2002 (Luty Grewal, 2002). Results showed that 28% regarded drug users as having a mental health problem. 38% assumed that drug users were criminals and 78% to be deceitful and unreliable. 30% said that they deserved the misfortune that fell upon them. 62% thought that the law were too soft on drug users and 40% believed that their children should be taken into care. It was concluded by Luty and Grewal, 2002, the results clearly indicate a negative view of drug addicts (Luty Grewal, 2002:94). Yet, DrugScope in 2009 wanted to find out the attitudes of the public towards drug users and drug treatment. They commissioned a poll and the findings suggest that the public to be very sympathetic than sometimes often assumed. 80% of the people surveyed agreed that people can become addicted to drugs because of other problems within their life. 35% agreed that it was the individuals fault for drug use and that there is no excuse. A large amount of respondents 88% agreed that for the drug user to get back on track, they needed help and support and 77% agreeing that the investment of government money towards drug treatment is sensible. This research showed a sympathetic response of the majority of the people surveyed. Drug users are the most marginalised people in society where discrimination and stigma are key into the barriers of receiving recovery. Two thirds in a recent poll showed that employers would not employ anyone with history of drug use, even though they were suitable for the job. Stigma and discrimination still remains a barrier to recovery and will clearly impact of them finding work. It will also affect being housed appropriately and accessing the healthcare that they need (DrugScope, 2009) The things that we can do as practitioners in helping to overcome the stigmatisation is to have a better understanding of how difficult it is for people to change who may have low self-efficacy. First impressions count and for a substance user, coming through the door is hard enough. The substance user will have come because they are in a crisis and has realised it is time for change (Lecture Notes, 2012). As social workers we have to realise that engaging with the substance user will help in the first steps to recovery and help in building relationships. Building respect and trust will prevent misunderstandings that may lead to conflict. Having good communication skills is effective and at the heart of social work. It is only through our communication skills that we are able to understand the knowledge of others and work effectively (Trevithick, 2009). It is important to communicate as it helps in exchanging our thoughts and feelings and in forming the foundation of a good relations hip. Communication allows you to help the substance user to be more receptive to the new ideas by creating an environment that they can trust and help in developing resolutions. To have an open and honest relationship, trust is important in succeeding this. An agreement ideally should be met with the substance user about confidentiality. They have a right to know who will be able to access any information about them (Koprowska, 2010). Motivational Interviewing is a well known model developed by William Miller in 1982. It is a model used with people to evoke change, especially people who have problematic substance misuse. Motivational interviewing is a client-centred counselling style and helps the service user to reach their decisions about potential behaviour change (Nelson, 2012). This model helps in identifying and understanding the substance users motivation to change and highlight to the client their perceived negatives and benefits of change. The principles of motivational interviewing are to express empathy, develop discrepancy by helping the client in increasing their awareness of the consequences of their behaviour. Avoiding argumentation as it is them who are the expert. Roll with resistance by encouraging the client to develop their own arguments. Resistance is normal if you are uncomfortable about something and lastly self efficacy by highlighting the skills and the changes they have already made (Lect ure Notes, 2012). Assessing motivation with the substance user and finding out at which stages they may be will help in me identifying where the substance user is in their dependency. A well known model called the cycle of change developed by DiClemente and Prochaska (1982) represents the point at which the substance user passes during their change in behaviour. The different stages are: Pre-Contemplation, this is where the service user has no desire to change. Contemplation, this is where the service user may be considering their situation and is more aware of it. Preparation is where the service user makes a decision to change their substance misuse. Action and this is where the service user takes steps in bringing about change. Maintenance is where they have stopped using the drugs and moved to a more controlled and less harmful way of using and is maintaining that change. Relapse is where the service user will go back to their old behaviour and will have to start the Cycle of Change again (Teater, 2011:122). The substance user may slip back or relapse in to their old behaviour because permanent behaviour is very difficult to change, particularly with people who want to make change in substance misuse. This is very difficult and may take several attempts (Nelson, 2012). Motivational interviewing will help the substance user move through the stages of change. Having good active listening skill is important and will help in making the substance user feel that he/she is being helped. Many people will feel encouraged when they have been truly listened to without interruption and will often become encouraged and empowered (New Jersey Self-Help Group Clearinghouse). A good listener allows the person to get their own stories and opinions across, which active listening will allow them to do so. If you interrupt, the person will feel that they may not have been listened to. They will not feel respected and may hold information through being cautious. It is important to allow them to know that you were listening and will help in encouraging them to continue talking. Leaning forward, maintaining eye contact will also show them you are interested in what they have to say (MindTools, 2012). You have to remember to not let environmental factors distract you as this could make you lose focus. Giving the substance user your undivided attention and ackno wledge what they are saying. Using body language either by nodding occasionally, smiling and encouraging the speaker to continue by saying verbal comments, such as yes and go on will encourage the speaker to continue by knowing you are listening. Giving positive feedback by paraphrasing e.g. What I am hearing is and It sounds like you are saying, are good ways of reflecting back and help in clarifying certain points that the substance user may have said and helps towards getting more background information. Paraphrasing also helps in allowing yourself to really understand what has been said and helps the substance user know that they have been heard und understood correctly (Koprowska, 2010). Having the three core conditions of counselling of empathy, respect and congruence will help to enhance the substance users motivation to change. Empathy allows putting you in another persons shoes and having a better understanding of their feelings and emotions. You must ignore your own percep tion of the situation and accept their feelings and thoughts. By doing this does not mean that you accept the behaviour they are doing but means that you understand them. Congruence allows you to be yourself and that you are only human and a real person. This will help in reducing the stress the substance user may have. Having respect is accepting the person for who they are regardless of what the person says or does. When others have possibly made that person feel negative, it is very hard for them to feel positive. Showing the substance user respect will show willingness that you want to work with them, which will allow them to grow confidence (Trevithick, 2009). Change is difficult, so it is normal for the substance user to feel ambivalent. Using the Decisional Balance will help in identifying the positives and negatives of their behaviour. If you are going to change, you need a reason to and people change when the positives outweigh the negatives. We always have to be aware of the short term or long term risk factors including their level of usage and what type of drugs they are using (Miller Rollnick, 2002). Motivational interviewing helps the substance user in identifying the importance of their behaviour change and also helps the practitioner help in doing so by enhancing their motivation. This model works well alongside the cycle of change as it is useful to assess where the substance user may be in their cycle of change and help in identifying the strategies you may use (Nelson, 2012). In conclusion, if a person does not conform to social stereotypes, they are more than likely to be marginalised and bear stigma. People with substance misuse are of all types and come from different backgrounds (Pycroft, 2010). Working with individuals who are experiencing substance use, it is important to remain focussed. Providing constant feedback and offering support will help in engaging the drug user towards solving the crisis the substance user may have. Having a non-judgemental attitude underpins social work along with empathy and advocacy (Trevithick, 2009). People with substance misuse are often viewed as less worthy and deserving. Stigmatisation can cause prejudice, marginalisation, discrimination and oppression and is often reinforced by the media and even our own families (Theory and practice, 2011). People who substance use are often stigmatised and feel shameful of it and can happen if the substance user has had several attempts. When you are ashamed of something and y ou disclose it, it is very hard especially if youre unsure as to how the other person is going to respond. It is important for myself to reflect upon my own value base and prejudices that I may have. 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England: Open University Press UKDPC (2008) Working Towards Recovery. London: UK Drug Policy Commission. http://ukdpc.org.uk/publications.shtml#employment_report (accessed 15 November 2012). UK Drug Policy Commission (2009). Adult Family Members and Carers of Dependant Drug Users: Prevalence, social cost, resource savings and treatment responses. http://www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Evidence%20review%20-%20Adult%20family%20members%20and%20carers%20of%20dependent%20drug%20users_%20prevalence,%20social%20cost,%20resource%20savings%20and%20treatment%20responses.pdf (accessed 26 November 2012) UKDPC (2010) Getting serious about Stigma: the problem with stigmatising drug users. London: UK Drug Policy Commission. http://www.ukdpc.org.uk/publication/getting-serious-about-stigma-problem-stigmatising (accessed 15 November 2012). UKDPC (2010) Sinning and Sinned Against: The Stigmatisation of Problem Drug Users. London: UKDPC http://www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Policy%20report%20-%20Sinning%20and%20sinned%20against_%20the%20stigmatisation%20of%20problem%20drug%20users.pdf (accessed 18 November 2012) Trevithick, P. (2009) Social Work Skills: a practice handbook. England: Open University Press. Teater, B. (2011) Applying Social Work Theories and Methods, England: Open University Press.